the air within the respiratory tract that never reaches the alveoli within the lungs and so does not undergo gaseous exchange

the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver, whereby the amine group is removed and converted to ammonia and eventually urea before excretion

act of passing feces from the rectum

the quality of the radiograph which is affected by density, contrast and sharpness

the act of swallowing

the degree of blackening of the radiograph

the process of losing moisture or “drying out” when exposed to air

production of faeces that contain an excess amount of water

a space between teeth. There is a natural space in the jaw of rodents and herbivores where canine teeth would be found in other species.

relaxation stage of the cardiac cycle. The term applies to both atrial and ventricular relaxation.

the net movement, as a result of random motion of its particles, of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

the process by which food materials are broken down into small soluble chemical units

Dilated pupils (mydriasis) are when the black center of your eyes are larger than normal. The condition may be caused by dilating eye drops from an eye exam, the side effects from a drug/medication or traumatic injury.

cells with the full number of chromosomes, each in pairs. These include most cells within the animal’s body.

the number of chromosomes (2n) found in the nucleus of all cells except gametes which are haploid cells

a chemical used to control, prevent and destroy pathogens present on inanimate objects - although it is not usually active against bacterial spores. The process does not necessarily kill all micro-organisms, but reduces then to a level acceptable for a defined purpose, for example a level which is considered not harmful to health. (Note, the difference between “disinfectants” and “antiseptics” which are applied to living tissues.)

the removal or inactivation of pathogenic micro-organisms but not necessarily of bacterial spores

to loose inhibitions and become exited

increased amount of urine produced

drugs used to increase the production of urine by the kidneys and so reduce water retention in the body

deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material found inside the nucleus of the cell

enzyme that controls coiling and uncoiling of DNA

enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of new DNA molecules

a gene whose characteristics are always present in the phenotype, in homozygous and heterozygous individuals. It is represented with a capital letter, e.g. B.

classification of drugs within the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001

food residue after being heated to remove all the water

smaller than normal size

abnormal shedding of the skin of reptiles

difficulty swallowing

difficulty breathing

difficult parturition; difficulty giving birth

difficulty in passing urine